Though they haven't yet reached their full potential and added to the arsenal of oncologic treatments, therapeutic cancer vaccines are beginning to show indications of success and the ability to assist patients who are resistant to other standard-of-care immunotherapies, even after several decades. Here, we differentiate between predetermined (shared or personalized) and anonymous (ex vivo or in situ) cancer vaccines based on the known antigens contained in the vaccine, the tumors that express those antigens, and the locations where the antigens colocalize with antigen-presenting cells. We emphasize the importance of precise immunological monitoring of early studies to identify setbacks and progress the most promising vaccines, thereby accelerating clinical development.
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